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Three Crowns lawyers author GAR Investment Treaty Arbitration Report on Spain

Publications 28th April 2026

Carmen Martínez López, Agustín G. Sanz, Borja Pérez-Puente, and Fernando de Almansa have co-authored the GAR Investment Treaty Arbitration Report on Spain.

The report identifies the key features of Spain’s investment treaties, including qualifying criteria, substantive protections, and procedural rights.

The authors also provide a detailed overview of Spain’s current treaty landscape, addressing the practicalities of commencing and enforcing investment treaty claims, national legislation governing inward and outward investment, and key cases and awards involving Spain’s treaties.

You can access the full report here: [link]

ABOUT CARMEN MARTINEZ LOPEZ

Carmen, a partner in the Madrid office, has appeared as advocate in numerous investment treaty and commercial arbitrations. She has handled arbitrations under the rules of the major arbitral institutions and ad hoc across a variety of jurisdictions, with a particular focus on Latin America and Spain. Carmen also sits as arbitrator.

Carmen is recognised in all major publications, including as a “Leading Individual” in The Legal 500 Latin America, with sources describing her as  “one of the most impressive legal minds I have encountered”, a “truly gifted practitioner”, who “has worked on some of the biggest cases of all time”, delivers “in a friendly and folksy tone, a very persuasive oral argument and a devastating cross-examination”, “gets into the details while keeping a strategic mindset”, “understands problems very well in a global way”, “has a lot of availability for the client”, and “has certainly been building up a fantastic reputation” in the market for her work in both investment treaty and commercial arbitrations. She has also been described as a “brilliant arbitrator”.

ABOUT AGUSTIN G. SANZ

Agustin is a partner in the Madrid office. He has been trained in the civil law and common law traditions and has extensive experience of both international commercial and investment treaty arbitration.

He has experience under all of the major arbitral institutions, and ad hoc, across several jurisdictions, with a particular focus on Latin America, covering a broad range of sectors including infrastructure, energy, oil & gas, public contracts, and regulated industries.

Agustin also has extensive experience advising international clients in connection with local administrative and court proceedings, settlement negotiations and contract renegotiations in the context of major disputes in Latin America. Agustin also sits as arbitrator. He has been ranked as a “Future Leader” for arbitration by Lexology Index.

Agustin previously worked at the Ministry of Economy and the Federal Communications Commission in Argentina, in addition to his academic roles at the University of Buenos Aires and the University of Chicago.

ABOUT BORJA PEREZ-PUENTE

Borja is a senior associate based in the Madrid office. He has experience acting in commercial and investment arbitrations under several governing laws and institutional rules, in disputes relating to the aerospace, railway, TMT, construction and energy sectors.

Borja has been recognised as a key practitioner in major publications such as The Legal 500, with sources describing him as an “outstanding professional” who “inspire[s] trust“, is “close to the client at all times”, is “impressively efficient and detail-oriented“, “quickly learns all the technical details of both your business and the case and then […] is able to explain them in plain language with an amazing ease“, and has an “exceptional knowledge” about the matters in which he participates.

Borja holds a double licentiate degree in law and business management from the Universidad Pontificia de Comillas (ICADE), and he is admitted to the Madrid Bar and to the Madrid College of Economists. He has experience handling contentious work in English, Spanish and French and he also has a limited proficiency in Portuguese.

ABOUT FERNANDO DE ALMANSA 

Fernando is an associate based in the Madrid office. He has experience in international commercial and investment arbitration, with a focus on infrastructure and energy disputes.

Fernando holds a law degree from Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, an LL.M. from Boston University, and a double master’s degree in law and taxation from IE University. Prior to entering practice, he prepared for Spain’s State Attorney examinations.

Fernando is admitted to the Madrid Bar and is a Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators. He speaks Spanish, English, French, Italian and Portuguese.